Double taxation occurs when the same income is taxed twice - once in the country where it is earned and again in the country where the taxpayer resides.
This often affects businesses, investors, and expatriates with income or assets in multiple countries.
There are two main types:
To prevent unfair taxation, many countries have Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs), allowing taxpayers to claim exemptions, credits, or reduced rates. Without these agreements, cross-border workers and investors could face a significant financial burden.
Many DTAs work by allowing taxpayers to offset taxes paid in one country against their liability in another, or by ensuring income is only taxed in one jurisdiction.
For example, a UK resident working in the US might be able to claim a foreign tax credit, reducing the amount owed to HMRC (the UK tax authority). Without this, they could be taxed twice on the same salary.
For businesses, double taxation can discourage international expansion. Companies operating in multiple countries often structure their operations carefully - using tax treaties, subsidiaries, or special exemptions - to minimise tax exposure while remaining compliant with international regulations.
If you have income, investments, or assets across borders, it is essential to understand how double taxation rules and treaties apply to you. Seeking professional tax advice can help you optimise your tax position and avoid unnecessary liabilities.